A pattern of domination, restriction, intimidation, or enforced dependency.

Repeated degrading, threatening, manipulative, or emotionally harmful conduct.

Intensification of distress, hostility, conflict, or perceived threat.

Family disapproval, pressure, or involvement affecting the relationship.

A victim, survivor, witness, or other affected person reportedly sought safety or support, disclosed abuse or danger, or contacted trusted people, services, or authorities.

Distress or hostility associated with a perceived relationship rival or loss.

Coping behavior that worsens distress, conflict, risk, or functioning.

Reduced access to supportive family, friends, or community ties.

Language or behavior reducing the victim's worth or moral standing.