Constructive efforts to manage distress, loss, conflict, or danger.

A pattern of domination, restriction, intimidation, or enforced dependency.

Narrated depressive-type symptoms without implying an unreported clinical diagnosis.

Family disapproval, pressure, or involvement affecting the relationship.

A victim, survivor, witness, or other affected person reportedly sought safety or support, disclosed abuse or danger, or contacted trusted people, services, or authorities.

Aggression used deliberately to achieve another objective.

Reported isolation, lack of connection, or a sense of emotional emptiness.

Several motives or pressures converging in the pathway to the incident.

Reported violence or threats preceding the focal incident.

Reduced access to supportive family, friends, or community ties.