A pattern of domination, restriction, intimidation, or enforced dependency.

Repeated degrading, threatening, manipulative, or emotionally harmful conduct.

Intensification of distress, hostility, conflict, or perceived threat.

Distress or hostility associated with a perceived relationship rival or loss.

Reported fear or perception of danger, harm, exposure, or loss.

Reported violence or threats preceding the focal incident.

Lying, secrecy, or concealment before or during the relationship conflict.

Family disapproval, pressure, or involvement affecting the relationship.

Conflict involving broader family roles, loyalties, pressure, or household dynamics.

A victim, survivor, witness, or other affected person reportedly sought safety or support, disclosed abuse or danger, or contacted trusted people, services, or authorities.