A pattern of domination, restriction, intimidation, or enforced dependency.

Repeated degrading, threatening, manipulative, or emotionally harmful conduct.

Family disapproval, pressure, or involvement affecting the relationship.

Reported fear or perception of danger, harm, exposure, or loss.

Distress or hostility associated with a perceived relationship rival or loss.

Coping behavior that worsens distress, conflict, risk, or functioning.

Possessive behavior, surveillance, tracking, or intrusive monitoring.

Explicitly reported suicidal thoughts, attempts, threats, or actions.

Language or behavior reducing the victim's worth or moral standing.