Language or behavior reducing the victim's worth or moral standing.

A pattern of domination, restriction, intimidation, or enforced dependency.

Repeated degrading, threatening, manipulative, or emotionally harmful conduct.

Intensification of distress, hostility, conflict, or perceived threat.

Family disapproval, pressure, or involvement affecting the relationship.

A victim, survivor, witness, or other affected person reportedly sought safety or support, disclosed abuse or danger, or contacted trusted people, services, or authorities.

Distress or hostility associated with a perceived relationship rival or loss.

Justification, minimization, blame shifting, or distancing from harmful conduct.

Advance preparation, coordination, or deliberate selection of method or opportunity.

Reported violence or threats preceding the focal incident.